Google’s Sky Map

When looking around for astronomy applications for Android I came across Google’s Sky Map. This is a popular stargazing application that is free on the Google Play store. One of the best features of this app is the location and sky tracking. This feature will track exactly where your phone is pointing in the sky. All I had to do was hold it up and the image of the night sky moved smoothly in whatever direction I pointed. This way it was easy to pick out what constellations I was looking at even without being able to make out some of the dimmer stars due to light pollution. Besides constellations, Sky Map will also show the positions of planets, galaxies, and any meteor showers that may be occurring.

Stargazing made easy with Sky Map

In addition to telling me what I was looking at, the app also let me search for objects in the sky. After typing in the name of a planet, star, or constellation the app used an arrow to point me in the right direction. As I spun to face the object the arrow moved with me, showing exactly where I needed to look with a circle.

Sky Map’s search feature

Finally, Sky Map is a great tool for looking at the night sky on a different date or time. You can set the time back or forward manually or go to preset dates like the next full moon, the tomorrow’s sunset, or even the night of the Apollo moon landing.

Overall, this app is an excellent tool for finding your way around the sky wherever you are. It makes finding constellations simple even for a beginner like me.


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The Speed of Light

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http://www.guardian.co.uk/

The speed of light is a fascinating yet confusion concept. People frequently hear the term “lightyear” and assume that it is a measurement of time, but instead it is a measurement of distance. A lightyear is defined as how far light travels in a year. If someone was able to travel at the speed of light, the human eye would not be able to see it. The same way that when you turn on your lamp in your room, you only see the illumination of the room rather than the path the light travels from the bulb to your eye, you would not be able to see a person or car moving at the speed of light.

The only way to travel back in time would be for photons to move faster than the speed of light. In 2011, a scientist in Hong Kong discovered that this would literally be impossible- making time travel out of the question. Hopefully this is not true, and one day someone will find a way around this!

Source:

http://news.discovery.com/


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Scale, Relativity, and the Power of 10

For my first official blog post, I’d like to write about the Powers of Ten video, and the subsequent site I came across because of it. Although I have seen the Powers of Ten video in a class several years ago, watching it again filled me with the same sense of curiosity and amazement as I felt the first time. After watching the video, which can be viewed here, I was curious to see if another, more recent version of this video had been released. After all, we’ve come a long way technologically since 1977. Through a quick google search, I came across an interactive website called Scale of the Universe. Paying homage to the original 1977 video, this website used the same fundamental idea of Powers of 10 help further our understanding of relative sizes, and the vastness of our universe.

Power of 10 begins by presenting a window of 1 meter x 1 meter, and increasing this scale 10x greater every 10 seconds, providing a journey beginning in Chicago and eventually reaching the far corners of our universe. Scale of the Universe, combines this with increased notions of relativity. While Power of 10 begins with a couple enjoying a picnic, clicking ‘Start’ on Scale of the Universe shows several objects of similar size, as shown below.

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Next, you are able to drag the scale larger or smaller, zooming into a helium nucleus at 10^(-14.3), or zooming out to the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy at 10^20. Looking comparatively between Power of 10 and Scale of the Universe, my exploration of this website focused on the objects greater than 10^0. However, I thought it was interesting to note that once you click ‘Start’, beginning at the size of a human (10^0 on their scale), more than 1/2 of this scale extends to the left, into the negative exponents. I think this points to an exciting fact of Astronomy that there is still so much left to be explored, much more than has been discovered.  While we have extensive knowledge of cells and tiny organisms, the immense vastness of space is more difficult to detail on this website. Additionally, I really liked that Scale of the Universe worked to enable an understanding of relativity by including a variety of objects, some physical (central park), some biological (japanese spider crabs) and some inanimate (FM Radio wave length). I have included a sample frame below:

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This helped with the discrepancy in that distance between objects creates when we look into space. Overall, I highly recommend playing around on this site!!


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Faster than the Speed of Light

Everyone knows that the speed of light is fast; “faster than the speed of light” is a common colloquialism. Thanks to almighty science, we know that light travels at 299,792,548 meters per second, compared to 27m/s for a car traveling 60mph. Due to human perception times, a speed of this magnitude makes light’s travel seem instantaneous on an Earthly scale. Even the fastest speeds even achieved by human inventions pale in comparison to the speed of light. But how different would our world be if light was much, much slower? For example, what if light traveled an an equivalent speed to sound? Lightning would be seen at the same time as thunder is heard and we would be seeing the lightning a few seconds after it had actually struck. Jets at supersonic speeds would be invisible until the photons were able to catch up to observers, meaning they would pop into view when their sonic boom was heard. Slower still, what if light traveled at a paltry speed of 30 m/s, a speed that even common automobiles far surpass? Driving at moderate speeds would be impossible; if an accident occurred in front of you, your vehicle would reach the crash before you were able to see it. Even sports would be barely feasible, given that in baseball a pitch would reach the catcher before the batter could see the ball and goalies in soccer and hockey wouldn’t have any time to react to shots. Our world and our universe have many properties that perfectly align to make life as we know if possible, and light moving at such an extreme speed is just another one of those properties that can easily betaken for granted.


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The night sky…

(click the photo to link to the source!)

Notice anything strange about the night sky in this photo? For one, you won’t find Polaris (the North Star)…have you caught it yet? This is the night sky as seen from Mt. Cook in New Zealand. As you’d expect, because the vantage point of someone in the southern hemisphere is different from that of someone in the northern hemisphere, the set of stars and constellations visible down under is totally different.

I studied abroad in Christchurch, New Zealand, last semester, and one of the biggest “culture” shocks I had to deal with was looking up at the night sky and not recognizing anything I saw. As someone who enjoys stargazing, this was something I noticed quickly, and the feeling it produced was way more foreign than anything else I experienced. It literally feels like you’re on another planet.

Over time I became more able to recognize the constellations unique to the southern hemisphere, like the Southern Cross, the constellation featured on both Australia’s and New Zealand’s flags. I also learned that some of the constellations are visible in both hemispheres. There’s a really cool graphic illustrating the visibility of certain constellations by hemisphere here. Nifty, right?


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The Speed of Light

Even looking through a telescope, outer space can be very daunting. There is a seemingly endless distance between us and even the closest stars. At 39,900,000,000,000 kilometers away, the nearest star to our own Sun is Proxima Centauri of the Alpha Centauri star system. This distance is so enormous that it takes 4.22 years for light from Proxima Centauri to reach Earth. The Voyager 1 spacecraft is moving away from our solar system at 17.3 km/s and even at this rate it comes nowhere close to the speed of light. It would take over 73,000 years for Voyager to travel to Proxima Centauri if it was aimed in that direction. (Source:  Nasa Nearest Star Info)

On Earth the speed of light seems almost instantaneous and it’s a good thing too. Without this amazing speed many modern technologies like the internet, satellite communication, and television broadcasts would be impractical if not impossible. The speed of light allows us to transfer information across the globe in a split second but even with this incredible speed it still takes light thousands of years to reach us from the stars within our own galaxy. For stars outside of the Milky Way it can take millions of years for light to reach Earth. In fact, the limitation of the speed of light is so large that it allows us to see back into the past. When we look at stars through a telescope it is actually the light that the stars emitted thousands of years ago. If we look far enough out into the universe we can see the light from the very early stages of the universe. This provides a window into the time before Earth even existed.

Amazingly, light seems to travel at a perfect rate. It moves fast enough to allow us to communicate efficiently across the globe yet it’s still slow enough to be used as a tool to look back into the universe’s past. Unfortunately, the limited speed of light does have disadvantages. Astronomers have no way of telling how stars are behaving at this exact moment. We would have to wait lifetimes to see what a star looks like at the present time. While we can see into the distant past we can only guess at the present, this is the compromise astronomers make when stargazing.

 


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Powers of Ten and orders of magnitude

For my first “real” blog post, I chose to check out the Powers of Ten video. I was interested in this prompt in particular because in my geomorphology class, we’ve been discussing orders of magnitude as a means of talking about geological concepts like subsidence, uplift, and the residence time of sediments, so I thought I’d try to bridge what I’ve been thinking about in the two classes. Here’s the video below:

The video begins with a focused image of a picnic within a meter-by-meter square pans out to one greater order of magnitude every three seconds until reaching a  square measuring 1 x 10^24 m². Because orders of magnitude increase exponentially (that is, at 10³m, a much more vast space is covered than at 10²m), we quickly lose sight of the picnic, and by the time the video has panned out to a 10^7 meter square, the entirety of planet Earth is visible.

The video is impressive because it takes a relatively straightforward mathematical concept and illustrates its artful qualities. One line of the narrative I found especially noteworthy–at the final panned out image of the universe at 1 x 10^24 m², when the perspective is limited to a blurry, dark black void, the narrator makes the point that “the emptiness is normal–the richness of our own neighborhood is the exception.” I’ve always felt insignificant at the thought of the immensity of space, but the narrator’s comment is a nice counterpoint: as a hub of activity, Earth is also unique.

The video frames orders of magnitude as an interesting thought experiment, reminding us that the overwhelming majority of the universe, from a molecular to an intergalactic level, is outside our natural point of reference. In my opinion, that’s one of the most fascinating parts of modern science: the fact that we’re able to artificially expand our periphery of scale and examine the world at differing orders of magnitude. If that doesn’t profoundly influence one’s perspectives, what could?


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Planets

Screenshot from the app Planets showing the relative position of Mercury and the Moon in the night sky

Screenshot from the app Planets showing the relative position of Mercury and the Moon in the night sky


If you have the slightest interest in astronomy, I found this great app for iOS for observing the planets in our solar system and tracking their location throughout the day. This app is great for observing all the planets in the sky at the current time and what constellations they are near. You can view the star chart in either 3D or 2D mode. What’s more, you can choose to see the star map in a variety of wave spectra, including gamma ray, x-ray and even radio waves.
Screenshot from the app showing when each planet will be visible in the sky

Screenshot from the app showing when each planet will be visible in the sky


This app also shows you when each planet will be visible in the sky and how far we are from reaching that time. In addition to the planets, the app also tracks the sun’s location in the sky and when it should be visible in the sky.
Screenshot showing the Globe feature of the app that lets you select any planet plus the Moon and rotate and zoom in any way you like

Screenshot showing the Globe feature of the app that lets you select any planet plus the Moon and rotate and zoom in any way you like


Finally, there is another cool feature this app has called Globe. This feature lets you select any planet plus the earth’s Moon and you can rotate and zoom into the planet any which way you like. You can see Jupiter’s Great Red Spot clearly and Saturn’s beautiful rings too. For earth, you can see exactly which places have night at the current time and which places have day. You can also see your current location on the globe if you let the app access your current location!


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Just what exactly can we call “big”?

The Universe is almost like a magician in a way. Just when us puny humans seem to grasp an aspect of its nature (or pretend to anyway), it laughs at us and shows us a glimpse of something that leaves us in awe of its vastness.

This Large Quasar Group (LQG)  is the largest known structure in the universe

This Large Quasar Group (LQG) is the largest known structure in the universe

Take a look at this picture above you. Only a few weeks ago, astronomers found this Large Quasar Group (LQG) and it is basically a group of supermassive black holes. What is important though is that it is the largest known structure to be ever seen in the universe. (Source: Geek.com). To put its size in perspective, let us first remind ourselves that the distance between the earth and sun is around 150 million km and light, being the Usain Bolt of the Universe, covers this enormous distance in just 8 minutes. Now if light were to traverse the expanse of this LQG, it would take four billion years to do so. I repeat for emphasis – 4.Billion.Years!!

As unbelievable as the number sounds, scientists have confirmed this to be the case, much to their chagrin and amazement. Why chagrin? Because the very size of this monstrous structure violates some fundamental principles of cosmology – principles that put a limit on how big a structure we can view from earth. Some of these principles were in fact put forward by Einstein himself! (Source: Daily Galaxy)

Besides the new understandings of the universe this find might lead scientists to, it also highlights a more important and pertinent point for all of us. That is, that we seem almost insignificant in the grand scheme of things. So no problem any of us can ever have in our lives can truly be called “big”. That would be an insult to this LQG!


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Feeling a Bit Slow?

Look in any physics textbook and the speed of light will be listed: approximately 300,000,000 meters per second. That’s a big number, but what exactly does it mean?

Well, to put things in perspective, let’s examine a series of hypothetical situations in which you can run at the speed of light.

Monday morning and you overslept? You should try running to school. Assuming you live 10 miles away, you’d get there in .00005 seconds. Before anyone even had time to blink.

You could be the new marathon running phenom. It would take you slightly longer to run the Boston Marathon than it would to get to school, about .0001 seconds. You could watch the whole thing right after you finished; I’m sure it would be a close race for second place. Actually, you could run the Boston Marathon over 52 million times in a row, one right after the other, and you would still finish before the fastest marathon runner finished his first.

After the marathon, you run over to a drag car race. Instead of merely watching, you decide that you want to join the action, so you run down to the track. The drag car you want to race can go a max speed of about 200 mph (89 m/s). Obviously this isn’t a fair race, so you give the car a head start. On a track of 400 m, you give it a 399.9999 m head start. Meaning it is already at max speed, and it has to go 1/10 of a millimeter in order to cross the finish line. Assuming your acceleration is instantaneous, you would still beat the drag car. You would cover the 400 m faster than the 200 mph drag car can cover a distance equivalent to the thickness of a single strand of hair.

You decide that drag racing is too easy…so you find something a bit more dangerous: guns. You could catch a bullet – that you shot. The fastest bullets can reach speeds of 4000 feet per second (1219 m/s).  You’re getting a little more of a challenge than you did with the drag car (the bullet is over 10 times faster), but not much compared to your total speed. Again, assuming your acceleration is instantaneous, you’d catch up with the bullet basically instantaneously, and in order to keep up, you would only have to go .0004% of your max speed.

By now, you’re getting bored of racing things; you’re the fastest blur in the universe (well, you and light). Feeling down, you decide to go for a little run. You could run around the Earth 7.5 times in one second (assuming you could run across water – but then again at the speed of light, your feet probably wouldn’t break the surface tension of water). So it’s a short run, but you at least you got the opportunity to see all the major attractions across the different continents.

Lastly, and most importantly, you could impress all your friends.

One final note: when you’re traveling at the speed of light, don’t run into anything. Sprinter Usain Bolt’s top speed is 27.78 miles per hour (12.42 m/s). Imagine if he ran into you without slowing down. You might get a few bruises, but no permanent harm. Now let’s say you run into somebody while running over 24 million times faster, at 300,000,000 m/s.

KA-BOOM.  That’s an explosion you can’t run away from.


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