My Journey toward Astronomy

As the course ASTR 2110 – Solar System calls to the end, I would like to write something about myself.

I applied to Vanderbilt University in biomedical engineering, which was a very different subject from physics & astronomy. I started to be enthusiastic about physics and astronomy in childhood when staring into the infinite space and observing starry nights. I studied in a British high school that mainly focused on biochemistry. All the resource, including research opportunities and competitions, was about biology. Affected by the environment, my activities & awards were mainly related to this field, and I did not have the courage to study physics in the future with a lack of foundations.

However, it all changed when attending Vanderbilt University. I found that biomedical engineering was actually not the right thing for me, and due to the flexibility of changing major here, I considered taking physics. But I started to doubt myself again — “I am not taking any physics in my first semester. I did not participate in any research or experience in high school. I just love the romance of the universe, what if I do not have the enthusiasm after studying that? What if physics is not right for me, I am just curious about that… Will my love of physics & astronomy only last for 3 minutes?” I hesitated. But fortunately, my boyfriend supported me. He was so supportive that persuaded me to try anything I want to do and told me not to think so much, just follow my heart. He firmed my idea and supported me to pursue my dream. With his kind encouragement, I took 2 physics courses & 3 astronomy courses this semester.

Picture of my BF and me with the shirt from Vanderbilt department of physics & astronomy (from me)

I took the introductory course designed for physics major students. The course focused more on topics outside the textbook and allowed me to discover my interest in the physics world. Meanwhile, I challenged myself by taking ASTR3890 — Data Science in Large Astron. This course opened a new area — Astroinformatics — to me, and I learned about different statistical methods & coding to deal with data from the universe. And this course — solar system! helped me equip basic knowledge about astronomy. I did not take ASTR1010, but I found that ASTR2110 provided me with solid foundations in astronomy. The course covered a wide range of topics from astrophysics to astrobiology. My favorite part of the course is the observation. I went to observe via a telescope first time in my life — the star is so spectacular!! My boyfriend and I went together, and we stayed for nearly two hours in the garage. We still stayed after all people left, and Dr. G talked to us about different stars visible in the night. I took lots of pictures and learned about the names of stars. That day was our half-year anniversary, and I thought I had the best celebration with ASTR2110!!

Picture of Observation (from me)

We went to California during spring break. He took me to see my dream school — California Institution of Technology!! We visited the astronomy building there. After appreciating my dream school, I acquired enormous motivation to work harder in physics & astronomy. I want to go to Caltech one day in the future either to study or work in JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) there!

Picture of Caltech (from me)

This semester, I start to participate in research. Talking with different professors, I found my interest in astrophysics. I am currently working with Prof. Holley-Bockelmann and Olivia Greene on E+A galaxy. Next semester, I registered for the research for credit with Dr. Taylor about pulsars. I found my interest in neutron stars, so I am reading about another type of neutron star — magnetar for my final project of PHYS1912. When looking through papers about astrophysics, I will never get tired. Rather, I feel cured and extremely satisfied after learning new knowledge about astronomy and physics. I guess this is what true love is!!

Although ASTR2110 and this semester are going to end, my journey toward physics will never end. I owe my boyfriend infinite and deep gratitude — without him, I will not be so adamant and courageous, and I may not find my way to physics & astronomy. I would appreciate Dr. G, my classmates, and everyone who helped me during this course on my journey!

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Arecibo Message

Arecibo message is a radio message that carries information about humans to globular star cluster M13. It was famous for the coding of the message. The message included 1679 binaries, and two prime factors — 23 & 73. When aliens receive the message, they will easily put the signal to the 23 x 73 matrix and saw the correct message like this:

Picture from Wikipedia

However, if aliens arrange the matrix as 73 x 23, they will find the coding meaningless and messes up like this:

Picture from Wikipedia

Therefore, aliens can quickly think about arranging them in the opposite way. 

Looking through the correct message, the first white raw at the top shows the number from 1 to 10 in binary.

Picture from Wikipedia

The purple block demonstrates the elements that constitute DNA. It showed the atomic number of helium, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.

The green patterns are the molecular formula of amino acids. It used the purple block as the reference for the corresponding element — the first row represented the number of carbon and the second row showed the number of nitrogen. 

It is much easier to guess that the white and blue blocks are the structure of the DNA double helix. The white blocks use binary to show the number 4,294,441,822, which is approximately 4.3 billion, which was the guess number of bases in DNA at that time. Currently, the number becomes 3.2 billion. 

The red shape is obviously the structure of humans, and the white block on the left side of the man showed the number 1110 — 14 in the binary number. Aliens can figure out the wavelength of the signal they received by 14, which is 1.74m. On the right side, it shows the population at that time — 4.3 billion. 

The yellow pattern shows the earth and the solar system. Earth has a different position from other planets to show the source of the signal. 

The purple pattern at the bottom is the telescope that transmits this message. The white blocks show the binary number 2430. When times 2430 with the wavelength of the signal, it gives the diameter of the antenna.

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All Things Must Come to an End

I’ll admit, at first when I had to go out observing I wasn’t thrilled at the idea of leaving my cozy dorm to walk a good 15 minutes to stare at the night sky. However when I got there and really had a chance to stop and really look at the sky and see the stars I so often glance at close up in the telescope was fascinating.

But what really caught my attention and what I would like to dedicate my last blog post to is the mini lecture that Dr. G gave about the Big Dipper.

Now the Big Dipper is something that we all know about, it’s one of the most famous constellations and well known. But why? well I now know that it has many uses, such as because it orbits the North Star it can help tell the seasons.

In the Spring the dip of the Big Dipper is to the left, as if it is pouring water and rain down on us.

In the Winter the handle is pointed vertically down, looking sort of like an icicle.

In the Autumn the dip is to the right and it resembles that of a pumpkin.

And for the Summer the handle is up and it looks somewhat of a pitcher lemonade.

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You Live There?

Before humans and animals and even plants dominated the Earth, it was full of prokaryotic life. Extremophiles are types of prokaryotes that can not only survive, but thrive in extreme environments.

There are several types of extremophiles.

Acidophiles: like acidic environments, (pH levels of 3 and below)

Alkaliphiles: alkaline environments, and like pH levels 9 and above

Barophile: High pressure environments

Halophile: High salt concentrations

Hyperthermophile: extremely high temperatures

Psychrophiles: extremely low temperatures

Radiophile: High levels of radiation

Xerophiles: very dry conditions

The work ‘phil’ is a greek root for beloved, so each suffix means that the extremophile loves the prefix of that environment.

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Using Fungus in Space?

There are a lot of barriers to humans living in space. But two of the problems may have an innovative solution involving fungus. A major problem is radiation. Once you get farther away from Earth, Earth’s atmosphere and magnetic field can no longer protect from harmful radiation from the Sun. According to NASA, an astronaut […]
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Where Are the Aliens?

Wikipedia

Based on various calculations and estimations made by scientists all over the world, there is a very high probability that aliens (i.e. life elsewhere in the universe) exist. However, we have never encountered any tangible or irrefutable evidence of aliens. This contradiction is called the Fermi Paradox.

One possible explanation for this paradox is that while life is likely to occur in other places, it is unlikely based on the physical and time scale of the universe that two separate civilizations would cross paths. This suggests that throughout the life of the universe, there have been many different developments of life in different places, but because the lifespan of these civilizations are relatively short, different life developments never meet or see any evidence of each other. Another factor to consider is that while life may be likely to develop in the universe, intelligent life may be much more rare. This would mean that the lack of evidence of extraterrestrial life is not because there isn’t life, but that the life that exists has no way of providing such indications of its existence.

Overall, the fermi paradox is one of the most interesting concepts to consider when thinking about the universe. While we have no irrefutable proof of aliens currently, that doesn’t mean we won’t sometime in the relatively near future.

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Extremophiles

Wikipedia

The word extremophile comes from the Latin words extremus (meaning extreme) and philia (meaning love). An extremophile is an organism with the ability to survive, or even thrive, in an environment that we as humans would consider extreme. These organisms are some of the oldest species to exist on Earth. Some of them date back to more than 40 million years ago. Because of their ability to survive harsh environments, these creatures are some of the most abundant on Earth.

One of the main types of extremophiles is thermophiles. These organisms can survive excruciatingly hot temperatures. Another type is psychrophiles, which can survive very cold temperatures. Two other less known types are halophiles (salt loving) and acidophiles (high pH loving).

Because of extremophiles’ ability to survive in extreme environments, many people believe that they could exist on other planets. For example, a thermophile could exist on Venus (where a human could not) because it can withstand the excruciating temperatures.

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What if life existed in every solar system?

The Drake equation investigates the likelihood of intelligent, communicating life existing on other worlds in our galaxy. But what if life could easily exist on other worlds, and there was life in every solar system around us? What could this potentially mean for us? First, we must consider the fact that the closest star to our sun, Proxima Centauri, is 4.25 light years, or 40 trillion kilometers, away from us. The Parker Solar Probe, which is the fastest spacecraft humanity has constructed, will travel 690,000 km/hr at its fastest point. If a spacecraft traveled at this speed the entire distance from Earth to Proxima Centauri, it would still take over 6.6 thousand years to reach it. From this, I ask the question: Would it have any significant consequences to us if life outside of the solar system existed, considering the fact that it would take so long to travel to other solar systems anyways?

Another interesting thing to think about is what those aliens might look like. They could have completely different systems for sensing and interacting with their environment, and might not even need water or be carbon based life forms.

A rendition of what life might look like on other planets (ScienceFocus)
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The Golden Record: A Message Sent to the Cosmos

The Voyager Golden Record (Wikipedia)

In 1977, the Voyager I and Voyager II spacecrafts were launched into space to study the outer solar system. After conducting flybys of the planets in the outer solar systems, the Voyager spacecrafts continued to travel away from Earth, and will eventually travel out of our solar system. With this knowledge, golden records were placed on both Voyager spacecrafts to give any extraterrestrial intelligent species information on what Earth was like at the time of their launch. The records themselves contain a variety of sounds, including the sounds of waves, wind, animals, thunder, spoken greetings in 55 languages, and a variety of music including classical, folk, blues, rock, and electronic music.

The cover of the Voyager Golden Record (Wikipedia)

The record also contains 115 images, which include images of DNA and human anatomy, images of landscapes, animals, and plants on Earth, and images depicting a wide range of cultures. Among other things, the cover of the plaque contains instructions on how to listen to the sounds and view the images on the record, as well as a map showing Earth’s location relative to 14 nearby pulsars and their respective periods. These plaque serves to give any extrasolar civilization that might come across the Voyager spacecrafts in the future an idea of what Earth was like in 1977, as well potential means of locating Earth via the pulsar map.

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Nucleobases in Asteroids

Nucleobases are the building blocks of DNA and RNA. There are five total nucleobases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil) and three of the five have been found in meteorites. Recently, the last two nucleobases have also been identified. This suggests that nucleobases could have been sent to Earth from meteorites or dust and could […]
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