The Fermi Paradox & Possible Implications

Are we alone? This sentence, likely thought by many humans around the world and throughout history in hundreds of languages, brings forth a profound question. Also known as the Fermi Paradox, the search for intelligent extraterrestrial life has captured many minds. If life is so plentiful here on Earth, and there are so many habitable planets in the universe, where are all the aliens? The Fermi Paradox, known colloquially as “Where are all the aliens?” has many implications of its meaning, of which, a few I discuss below:

  1. Self-destruction
    • Known as a “Great Filter”, an unrealized blockage towards space expansion may be the inability to leave our own planet. In our current times, much is driven by scarcity: food, water, and shelter to begin, and anything else a human can “need” next. This scarcity is likely to, and certainly has in the past, brought about conflict – destruction that has only gotten more advanced. A reason that we do not see alien spaceships flying around our solar system may be due to the fact that there are no aliens capable, and this is because they all destroyed themselves in this scarcity driven conflict. For humans to be able to completely solve the problem of scarcity by mining asteroids, or mining other planets, we must first be able to live with and thrive in our current means.
  2. Type 3+ civilizations
    • To make things even more ominous, another implication of the Fermi Paradox may be a civilization that is type 3 or above. This type of civilization would be able to travel across its galaxy within its species lifetime, and has complete control of its galactic sphere. A civilization this advanced may simply wait until an alien species is on the brink of becoming a “type 3 civilization”, and then exterminating the species. This would ensure that no other alien species is able to cause any harm to the extremely advanced civilization.
    • Another way of looking at this would be the example of a rainforest. Imagine a Toucan living in the rainforest. Humans regularly harvest wood from rainforests, leaving the Toucans with nothing. To a Toucan, a tree is likely all it needs in life: it may find food if the free has fruit, a tree can certainly support a Toucan’s family, and a tree was where it was born, so it may harbor sentimental value. Like humans coming into the rainforest, aliens could come and harvest the water, rare earth metals, or other resource present on Earth key to human survival. Similarly to the Toucan, we would be left without this resource, and likely perish, and similar to the Toucan, we would not be able to do anything about it.
  3. The Limits of Technology
    • If the previous two implications aren’t the ones holding aliens back, it may be the limits of technology. Until we reach the limits, we will never know where they are, but there are some large issues with intersteller travel:
      • Distance
        • Traveling hundreds of thousands of lightyears may be possible for light, but it is traveling at the speed of light. Traversing these incredible distances is impossible for any rockets currently developed.
      • Length of Life
        • Aliens, like humans, may have a lifespan that is far too short for space voyages. For this reason, space travel may be impossible, as our bodies begin to break down far sooner than we reach our destination.
A magnetoplasmadynamic thruster design. These rockets are some of the fastest things humans have developed, being able to travel at speeds of over 100 km/s.
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Barophiles

extreme barophile bacteria

The barophiles we have found are tiny organisms, usually bacteria, living in areas with intense pressure. They are found on ocean floors where pressure can reach about 400 atm. For reference, the atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atm. Some barophiles known as obligate barophiles cannot survive in low pressures. The barophile Halomonas salaria cannot survive in pressures less than 1000 atm. Though barophiles can withstand and thrive in immense pressure, they have their evolutionary shortcomings. For example, UV rays can kill them because they are unable to repair their DNA. 

Studying extremophiles made me think about how each organism has different specialties. Barophiles can live at the sea floor but cannot withstand ultraviolet radiation at all. Cheetahs are extremely fast but cannot program. Humans are communicative and advanced but would be essentially helpless in the wild without their innovation and intelligence- they’re not fast and they don’t have sharp teeth! Not every species is strong in the same areas yet our differences help us survive in our unique environments and sometimes even coexist.

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The Hubble Space Telescope turns 32!

Hickson Compact Group 40

On April 24, 2022, the Hubble Space Telescope celebrated its 32nd birthday. To commemorate the celebration of the most famed telescope man has ever seen, the team behind the telescope released an image of Hickson Compact Group 40, the shot containing 5 whole galaxies, taken by Hubble late last year. Nearly all of the galaxies have sources of radio waves at their cores, potential evidence that a huge black hole resides at each galaxy’s center. Nasa has said that the galaxies are gravitational impacting one another, with the galaxies so clustered together that they could fit within a span of space only twice as far across as our own Galaxy, the Milky Way. On Hubble’s special day, the scientists at NASA were quick to point out that this beautiful shot was only one of 1.5 million snapshots taken by the telescope, each of which is stored at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland. It is safe to say that Hubble, for 32 years now, has been a national and public treasure.

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Bracewellvon Neumann Probes

Bracewellvon Neumann Probes

Human space travel is slow and each mission must be meticulously planned. What if there were a way we could learn more about the universe more efficiently? John Von Neumann, in charge of computing the design of a bomb, wondered how else he could use his computing skills. He developed the idea of self-reproducing automation. These machines would use material from their surroundings to create copies of themselves. The idea was that the machines would resemble reproducing cells. Though hypothetical, von Neuman’s idea sparked discussions about using these machines to colonize the galaxy. It’s interesting to consider the implications of this idea if it came to life. Do you all think these machines would replicate indefinitely or break down? When would they develop “mutations?” This idea seems revolutionary and efficient but not without strong considerations. What if the machines mutated and caused harm? What if they destroyed small moons or other worlds? These probes would be super cool but could have serious consequences if out of control. Perhaps they could be programmed to self-destruct in this case.

*I have hyperlinks but they won’t show up for some reason

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Blog#8 Final Thoughts regarding Drake equation 

Throughout this semester of study, I have been convinced that life on Earth is unique. Although we have only studied the solar system in-depth, the volcanic IO, the freezing Pluto, and the variety of planets and moons with different extremes of weather have furthered my awareness of how unique Earth’s conditions are. Even though planets can have the same geological activity as Earth, the river is flowing with methane and the air is sulfur. Henceforth, when we started the last lesson with the Drake equation to estimate a living planet, the variables I predicted were very pessimistic: I estimated that the probability of life was about 0.00001. This predicts that there are only 2*10^-6 planets with life in the entire universe. 

Drake Equation. Cr. Britannica

I didn’t think anything was wrong, but a question in the handout made me realize how terribly wrong I was. “How many planets are actually known to be having a life?” The answer is obviously one: the Earth. That is, if I extrapolate backward based on this answer, my extremely pessimistic variable prediction must be wrong. I then recalculate the drake equation based on the data from the solar system and came up with 600 planets that could have life. This answer is amazing to me! Indeed, though the requirement for life-form might be extremely strict, the Universe has infinite numbers of stars and planets and it is destined to have aline lives. Now the question becomes: where are they and will human beings be able to make contact with them? What will happen if an encounter happens? 

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How the Creators of “Interstellar” Came up with what a Black Hole Should Look Like

A Real Life Image of a Black Hole (Shutterstock)
“Interstellar” Black Hole (Warner Bros.)

As Christopher Nolan was creating “Interstellar,” he wanted to make sure that the film was as scientifically accurate as possible, so he hired a theoretical physicist named Kip Thorne to help. The largest contribution that he had to the creation of the film was his help rendering the stunning black hole. It was Thorne that did the calculations to prove that the particles captured by the black hole would emit light due to their high temperatures. Additionally, he reasoned that black holes should have an accretion disk that surrounded them as they formed, much like the ones that stars have. This is the reasoning for the ring of light surrounding the black hole.

I personally think that it is amazing, the creators of the film were able to not only show their viewers a visually stunning object, but also make sure that it is scientifically accurate. Some of the stunning shots that they created can be found here.

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Blog#7 The Fermi Paradox


The famous Fermi paradox is the conflict between the lack of clear, obvious evidence for alien life and various high estimates for their existence (Wikipedia).

Since the Universe has an almost infinite amount of stars and planets, given that the chance of having intelligent life is not zero (there is Earth and human beings), it is almost definite that intelligent life would happen elsewhere in the Universe. Nonetheless, where are they? If there are other intelligent life forms, why haven’t they reached out? Common explanations are:

  1. They intentionally veil themselves until human beings become capable to join their “star union
  2. They have destroyed themselves already

My favorite Hugo-Awards-Winning sci-fi novel—-The Three-Body Problem—-has another fascinating explanation of the Fermi paradox. It is called Dark Forest Theory:

The universe is a dark forest. Every civilization is an armed hunter stalking through the trees like a ghost, gently pushing aside branches that block the path and trying to tread without sound. Even breathing is done with care. The hunter has to be careful because everywhere in the forest are stealthy hunters like him. If he finds another life—another hunter, angel, or a demon, a delicate infant to a tottering old man, a fairy or demigod—there’s only one thing he can do: open fire and eliminate them.

The Three-Body Problem Trilogy Cr. Google

Since all life desires to stay alive but there is no way to know if other lifeforms can or will destroy you if given a chance. Henceforth, lacking assurances, the safest option for any species is to annihilate other life forms before they have a chance to do the same. This is why there is no alien life-form reaching out: they are afraid of being wiped out.

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Blog #8: Antarctic Astronauts

This fall (summer in the southern hemisphere!) I will be spending two months in the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV) in Antarctica collecting rock samples and later using zircon dating to better understand glacial movement and exposure times of the MDVs. I will be spending 3 out of my 8 weeks at McMurdo Station training and experiencing life as a scientist in one of the most isolating locations on Earth. This isolation is one of the main reasons that McMurdo Station and the South Pole are the locations for ICE (isolation, confinement, and extreme environment) training and observation of scientists and astronauts.

I read a bit about the ICE project on NASA’s website. This project, created though a collaboration between NASA and the NSF, which funds the U.S. Antarctic Program (which is funding my research!), sets out to study the effects of living in such an extreme environment as a polar one.

Antarctica is perfect for this project because “you can’t walk off the ice. That goes for whether you’re having a health, behavioral health or a personal issue, you’re not going anywhere,” says the project manager for flight analogs in the NASA Human Research Program, Lisa Spence. “That is very similar to spaceflight. It changes your mindset about how you are going to respond when you know you can’t leave.”

NASA, training camp near McMurdo Station at the base of Mt. Erebus, an Antarctic volcano!

This project studied participants at McMurdo Station and the South Pole Station, both of which are nearly impossible to evacuate during the winter. Winter in Antarctica has temperatures as cold as -100 degrees F and when the sun sets it doesn’t rise again for six months.

Fortunately, I will be in the MDV during the southern continent’s summer, so it will be 0-20 degrees F on average and the sun will be up 24 hours a day. It is super interesting to think about the fact that some of the most extreme environments humans can experience (off the planet) can be simulated on Earth.

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Answer to the Fermi Paradox: They Just Don’t Need Us

Aliens Coming to Earth (Sunstone.org)

The Fermi paradox states that due to the relatively high chance of intelligent life existing somewhere else in the universe, they should have visited us by now, except they have not yet. So why? There are currently some explanations ranging from intelligent life just not existing to them not deeming us worthy of participating in their civilization. However, I think that there is a less talked about, more intriguing solution: they have no need to come and visit us.

Popular stories like Independence Day and the Twilight Zone show aliens coming to Earth in order to conquest it, enslave our population, or take our resources, but these scenarios really are not that likely. If aliens wanted to enslave our population, they surely would have done it earlier, before we had nuclear weapons and a chance to fight back. Additionally, there really is no reason for them to conquest a planet that is possibly tens of thousands of light years from their home, even if they have somehow found out how to travel faster than the speed of light. Finally, as we learn more about our solar system and those around us, it has become more and more clear that Earth, maybe besides the fact that it has surface water, is not all that unique in its composition. So it is unlikely that we would have resources that extra-terrestrials really would need. Also, the same argument stands that they would have come to take them already, if they actually needed them.

So assuming intelligent aliens exist, and they have the capabilities to come and visit us, why have they not? The answer seems pretty clear, there just simply is not a reason. In context, it does make a good amount of sense. I mean we have yet to fully explore our world to completion, even though we definitely have the technology to do so. So why would aliens come and mess with us?

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Blog #7: Sara Seager Ted Talk

I watched the 2015 Ted Talk from Sara Seager (of the Seager Equation) called The Search for Planets Beyond our Solar System. She sets out to introduce what we currently know about our solar galaxy and extra solar planets. She presents a few interesting artist conceptions of the various exoplanets we know of (mainly from the Kepler spacecraft) through unique and compelling ‘travel posters’.

She also goes over the different ways we can glean information from exoplanets, including a brief overview of spectroscopy that allows us to understand which gases are within a planet’s atmosphere. Seager even proposes the idea that so many gases are produced by life, and we may perhaps be able to use the gases of different atmospheres to hypothesize about life. She describes her contribution to the development of a star shade that can block out the light of stars so that a telescope can more clearly see worlds orbiting it. The continued use and development of spectroscopy and these complicated telescopes will provide us with the capabilities to find other Earth’s in our search for life outside our solar system!

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