Crown-Like Structures on Venus

Screen Shot 2017-04-24 at 4.18.23 PM.png

A new study may explain these strange looking ring patterns on Venus’s surface. These geological markers are called coronae and occur when plumes of hot molten rock rise up and disturb the cooler material above it. The rigid surface is then cracked and molten rock can flow through cracks as magma. Scientists did tests in which they cooled particles of silica in fluid from above to simulate the way Venus’s surface cooled over time; next, they heated up the fluid below, observing the ways in which it rose and disturbed the solid above. Scientists also see evidence of plume-induced subduction, which occurs when the cool, solid rock falls into the cracks made by the hot plumes.

This is very interesting because previously, scientists were fairly certain that Venus had little to no geological activity anymore. It was compared to Earth in many ways, but never in terms of geological processes. This opens up the door for more investigation into how Venus may be more similar to Earth than we originally suspected. This can also teach us more about our planet’s past and formation; Earth could have undergone similar processes because it’s about the same size as Venus.

Mysterious Crown-Like Structures of Venus


Posted in Class | Tagged , , , | Comments Off on Crown-Like Structures on Venus

Ceres Harbors Building Blocks of Life

700px-pia20351-ceres-dwarfplanet-ellipticalmap-hamo-20160322-e1487181175762.jpg__1240x510_q85_crop_subsampling-2.jpg

Ceres, the largest asteroid in the Solar System, and now considered a dwarf planet, may have once been habitable. NASA’s Dawn spacecraft collected samples from the surface and were found to contain organic compounds and amino acids, which are often referred to as the building blocks of life. Dawn has also discovered evidence of a subsurface ocean and cryovolcanoes. Cryovolcanoes spew out water, ice, and methane gas instead of the molten rock our volcanoes spit out.

This is a big deal for astrobiology because it further explores the possibility that the seeds of life exist throughout the Solar System and in the asteroid belt, specifically. There are theories that an asteroid crashing into Earth brought organic materials that would later form life.

Earlier this year, NASA approved two asteroid missions; one will be visiting Jupiter’s trojan asteroids and the other will be visiting a completely metal asteroid. It is thought that the metal asteroid is actually the core of a planet that had its outer layers destroyed by collisions. These missions will look for evidence of organic materials and amino acids, as well.

NASA Astrobiology: Ceres

 


Posted in Class | Tagged , , , , , | Comments Off on Ceres Harbors Building Blocks of Life

Europa Clipper

pia19048_0
Picture Source

In the not too distant future, NASA will be sending a probe to one of Jupiter’s moons. I’m sure you can guess from the title of this blog post that the probe will be sent to Europa. Recently, NASA announced the name of this mission: Europa Clipper. It is named after clippers, swift ships that could make fast journeys across the Atlantic Ocean. Like the quick boats, Europa Clipper will be making around 45 flybys of Europa from as far as 2700 km to as close as 25 km over the span of a few years. Its primary purposes are to confirm whether Europa’s theoretical water ocean exists, the composition of the planet as a whole, and geological features of the planet. If said ocean exists, it would be an ideal spot for life in our solar system outside of Earth. The price of the mission is a hefty $2 billion, but its potential discoveries could be priceless. Since both the Democratic and Republican parties support space exploration, it appears as though the budget shouldn’t be an issue in the near future. Currently, a proposed launch date for Europa Clipper is sometime around 2022, but could be launched as early as 2020 with the right funding. Are you interested in what could lie underneath Europa’s icy surface? Do you think that life could thrive there? Would the life be microbial, huge, or something else entirely?


Posted in Aliens, Instruments | Tagged , , , , | Comments Off on Europa Clipper

Blog 8- Final Thoughts

On our last day of class, I asked about the probability of life on Earth being the most intelligent kind of life in the Universe.  I’ve always believed that the odds of our intellectual superiority must be incredibly low given the immense size of the Universe, but I’ve never really taken the time to learn more about any fact-based arguments that support this hypothesis.

In her explanation, Dr. G talked about how she believes that it is very unlikely that we are the most advanced life force in our Galaxy, let alone in the Universe.  To explain this statement, she talked about how, due to our positioning in the Galaxy (far away from the center, with a lower concentration of Star Systems in our general vicinity), we were exposed to the heavy elements necessary for life to develop far later than other Star Systems closer to the center of the Galaxy, as these elements are exclusively created during supernovas.  I’m sure that there are more arguments that point toward the conclusion that humans are unlikely to be the most advanced lifeforms in the Universe, but I appreciated the fact that this argument could be logically articulated in such a succinct way.

In many ways, this anecdote is representative of the personal significance of my taking Astro 2110.  Throughout this class, my cursory understanding of all things extraterrestrial has been deepened, and I’ve been given the tools necessary to think critically about new discoveries in our Solar System and Galaxy.  I was wary of taking this class in January, as nobody has ever accused me of having a scientific mind.  That said, now that I have the requisite knowledge to keep thinking critically about the ever-evolving study of astronomy, I am excited to keep thinking about these issues.  Great semester!

 

imgres
Milky Way Galaxy. We are near the outer edge, and were therefore exposed to fewer supernovas.  Source

Posted in Class | Tagged , | Comments Off on Blog 8- Final Thoughts

Blog 7- Methanogens and Life on Enceladus

Recently, a NASA reported suggested that one of Saturn’s moons, Enceladus, could be a world that may be conducive to supporting life (source).  Enceladus, which is covered in ice and significantly farther from the Sun than the Earth is, may not seem like a world where one might suspect life to be able to develop.  However, it is believed that conditions may exist on Enceladus that are similar to conditions that gave rise to early forms of life on Earth, namely in the form of a kind of extremophile called a methanogen.

Methanogens are microorganisms that are believed to have developed in hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor, and are thought to be the earliest kind of life on Earth.  They do not need Oxygen, and create methane by consuming Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide (source).  The Cassini mission has found that the conditions on Enceladus, which has a heated core and a subsurface ocean, are likely sufficient to support this kind of life.

To me, it is extraordinary that conditions on a distant, icy Saturnian moon may be, at least in some ways, analogous to some conditions on Earth (specifically with regard to hydrothermal vents and the subsequent development of methanogens).  With the incredible amount of biodiversity on Earth, I would not be surprised if we continue to discover different kinds of extremophiles that may be able to survive in very disparate kinds of climates observed throughout the Solar System.

50_Enceladus_768
Enceladus, which may be able to support methanogens, like those found in hydrothermal vents on Earth. Source

 


Posted in Class, SolarSystem | Tagged , | Comments Off on Blog 7- Methanogens and Life on Enceladus

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

saccharomyces_cerevisiae_sem
Source

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae, also known as “Brewer’s yeast”, is a very strange extremophile. It is known as an “Osmophile”, or an organism that thrives in environments with high sugar concentrations. Many people fear osmophiles because they are responsible for the spoiling of many sugary drinks such as orange juice or soda. However, Saccharomyces Cerevisiae is a species loved by many due to its fermentation processes. Fermentation is the process that converts sugars into gases or alcohol. This organism is loved by aquaculturists because it is an easy way to deliver CO2 to underwater plants. It organism is loved by bakers because it is the source of the yeast that makes bread rise. Most of all it is loved by alcohol brewers (and college students) due to the fact that it is the main method of fermenting sugar into alcohol. Due to this last reason, it was also the first eukaryotic genome to be sequenced. It helped pave the way for the mapping of other organisms, including humans, which was finished in 2003. What is your favorite use of this organism? What do you think it could be used for in the future?


Posted in General, Science | Tagged , , , | Comments Off on Saccharomyces Cerevisiae

Are We Alone?

One thought-provoking question always lingers in my mind, and I believe that I am not the only one. Are we alone? The space as we know it – vast, spacious – seeming to disappear into nothingness as it expands. Reaching far away, way out of my realm of understanding and it scares me. We are so small, very extremely small compared to other gigantic celestial bodies out there. The more I look into it, the wilder my mind wanders. Is there life out there? Other than us humans on this diminutive terrestrial planet called Earth? Are we also considered aliens to the aliens out there? I am a firm believer that there is some kind of life forms out there. Be it as simple as unicellular organisms to multicellular, complex beings as humans, I believe there is.

Back to my main debate – are we alone? If we really are, then there must be a reason behind it, as everything is built upon reasons and consequences. Is there actually civilization out there, but its age has already long past, leaving remnants behind being so ancient that we could not make anything out of them? An astrophysicist named Summer Ash (she’s so cool, go check her out!) mentioned about how life is not without water. One of the Galilean moons, Europa, was the first place astronomers ever got hints about liquid water – in its salt water ocean! Could there be some form of life swimming, living there? Not enough? Well, what about Enceladus and its water vapor sprouting from its surface, indicating that there is ocean underneath. There should be some living organism in there somewhere.

jj
Sprays of liquid water sprouting out from Enceladus’ surface, also known as water curtains. SOURCE

The search for forms of life started ever since we sent our very first human mission to Mars. NASA is getting ready to send one of their projects, Atacama Rover Drilling to search for life on Mars. Due to the extreme dryness and temperature on Mars, they believe that doing a simulation and demonstration on the high desert of Chile should do the deal. The team believe that by roving, drilling and all together while detecting for life could work together, resulting in the very intention of searching for evidence of life on Mars. Read more here.

Now that I have clearly stated my arguments, what about you? Which side are you on?


Posted in Class | Tagged , | Comments Off on Are We Alone?

Tardigrades: Powers of the “Water Bear”

One of the most incredible creatures on Earth is one so small we can only see it with a microscope.  This tiny animal, called a tardigrade or “water bear”, is only about a millimeter long, and yet it can survive an amazing range of conditions.  Hot, cold, dry, wet, and even the vacuum of space – somehow, the tardigrade can survive them all.

Tardigrades prefer to live in lakes, on moist pieces of moss, or other wet environments.  However, they can survive in extremely dry environments.  In 1995, after 8 years of no water, dried tardigrades were brought back to life.  It turns out when a tardigrade dries out, it retracts its eight legs and its head.  It then sheds almost all the water in its body, slows its metabolism to only 0.01% of the normal rate, and enters a state of suspended animation.  While in this state, a tardigrade is known as a “tun”.  Tardigrades can stay this way for decades and reanimate upon coming into contact with water.  If a tardigrade stays in the tun state for too long, its DNA gets damaged – however, after it awakens, the tardigrade can fix it.

Water bear and tun, SEM
Tardigrade in the tun state

Tardigrades also have the ability to survive a huge range of temperatures.  Testing in labs has revealed that tardigrades can survive being frozen to -272.8 °C (absolute zero is -273.15 °C).  The lowest temperature recorded on Earth was -89.2 °C in Antarctic in 1983.  On the other end of the scale, tardigrades are known to survive at temperatures over 148.9 °C.  The hottest temperature on Earth is about 56 °C.  Not only can tardigrades deal with a variety of temperatures, they can also survive large amounts of radiation.  Tardigrades have been known to survive lethal doses of x-rays, alpha radiation, gamma radiation, and UV radiation.

Finally, tardigrades seem to endure both high pressure and the vacuum of space.  Studies have shown that tardigrades in the tun state can survive pressures of up to 600 MPa (megapascals).  For comparison, the deepest part of the ocean, the Mariana Trench, has a pressure around 100 MPa.  Other studies reveal that tardigrades survived being in a low orbit around Earth, exposed to the vacuum of space and radiation.  It seems this little “water bears” have the power to survive in the most incredible range of environments.

tardigrade3
Tardigrade on the move

Sources:

Tardigrades return from the dead

Facts About Tardigrades

(Featured Image)


Posted in Class, Historical, Observables, Science | Tagged , , , , | Comments Off on Tardigrades: Powers of the “Water Bear”

The Revolutionary Model of the Solar System

We all know Galileo Galilei championed the heliocentric model of the universe that Copernicus first proposed, but his reasoning behind that belief is less well known. Galileo was not the first to invent a telescope, but he was in Florence where the best glass in the world was made at the time. When he turned his telescope to the sky, he revealed many aspects of the Solar System that were inconsistent with the geocentric, Aristotelian model of the universe that most people believed at the time. The geocentric Solar System included perfect spheres, a fixed earth, and a single center of motion: Earth.

 

galileo.jpg
Galileo from NOVA

 

One of the best known discoveries of Galileo was his discovery of Jupiter’s four large moons, which are now known as the Galilean Moons. This discovery helped convince Galileo that the solar system was heliocentric not geocentric because Jupiter was another center of motion if it had moons, which destroys the idea that Earth is the only center of motion in the universe. Galileo also discovered the rough edge of the moon by looking at it through a telescope, which destroyed another main point of the previously held geocentric model of the Solar System: the perfect spheres in space.

 

Earths-Moon
Earth’s Rough Moon from Universe Today

The final piece of the puzzle for Galileo was the phases of Venus that he discovered with his telescope. For him, conclusively proving that Venus orbits the Sun also proved that the Earth and every other planet did the same. These discoveries prompted his long struggle with getting Copernicus’s idea for a heliocentric universe accepted by the world.

 

phases of venus
Phases of Venus from BIRA

Despite what common knowledge tells us, Galileo’s long struggle was the story of devout Catholic who believed that science and religion should be kept in separate spheres. His difficulties with the separation of science and religion are difficulties we still struggle with today, especially when it comes to decisions of public policy with respect to education and regulations.

 

 

 


Posted in Historical | Tagged , , | Comments Off on The Revolutionary Model of the Solar System

12 Billion Miles Away and On Your TV

Ever wondered how a probe called Voyager managed to make it 12 billion miles away from this pale blue dot? Well two days after enjoying the total solar eclipse, you can find out all about the farthest human-made object from Earth on PBS.

On August 23rd, PBS is airing a documentary titled, The Farthest, about the creation and discoveries of the Voyager probe. It will be a two hour documentary which was created in celebration of the 40th anniversary of the Voyager space probe. Launched in 1977, both Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 were only designed to last about five years, or long enough to look up close at Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn’s rings, and the large moons of each planet. However, 40 years later, Voyager 1 is on the fast track to interstellar space and both Voyager 1 and 2 are expected to return valuable data for at least another five years. Both Voyager probes discovered incredible information about the large planets and moons in our Solar System, such as the presence of active volcanoes on Io.

 

This documentary will provide a unique perspective on the historic adventure into interstellar space because of the many people involved in its creation. It has contributions from the original engineers, scientists, and even people who lent their voices to the golden records aboard both probes.

 

 

Io
Io from NASA Photojournal

This documentary will provide a unique perspective on the historic adventure into interstellar space because of the many people involved in its creation. It has contributions from the original engineers, scientists, and even people who lent their voices to the golden records aboard both probes. So after you finish marveling at the total Solar Eclipse, spend some time pondering our place in the universe while learning about a historic quest into interstellar space.

 

 


Posted in Historical, Instruments, Space Travel | Tagged , , , | Comments Off on 12 Billion Miles Away and On Your TV