The Incredible Scale of the Universe

There’s really no other way to phrase it: the universe is enormous. With our current level of technology, it might as well be an infinite space, but there is a limit to our universe. Our best guess as to the size of the universe right now is that the universe is around 93 billion light years across. However, since the universe has only existed for around 14-15 billion years, we can only see out to a distance of 14-15 billion light years away from earth. This means that the light from a vast majority of the universe hasn’t had enough time to reach earth yet!

To put those numbers in perspective, the sun is about 8 light minutes away from earth. This means that the observable universe (not even the entirety of the universe) is about 919,800,000,000,000 times bigger than the distance between the earth and the sun. The closest star to Earth- Proxima Centauri- is about 4.45 light years away, so the observable universe is only about 3,111,111,111 times bigger than the distance to our nearest cosmic neighbor. The list of comparisons you can make goes on and on, but suffice it to say the universe is absolutely enormous!

Moon-pixel
A fun graphic highlighting the immense scale of just our solar system Here
Posted in General, Universe | Tagged , , | Comments Off on The Incredible Scale of the Universe

Anaxagoras

Anaxagoras
The First to Correctly Explain Eclipses. Look at that flow!

Known most for bringing philosophy to Athens before the era of Socrates, Anaxagoras is recognized as the first person in history to correctly explain eclipses. He claimed that material variation was caused by relative preponderance over other ingredients, explaining how change could occur in the pre-Socratic era. Before him, there stands no record of anybody teaching that when a celestial body gets in between the earth and either the sun or the moon, an eclipse occurs.

Anaxagoras gave a complete account of the universe.  He believed that rotation within the cosmos could produce other worlds like the one in which we live. During a solar eclipse, the orbital paths of the earth and moon align such that the moon casts a large and moving shadow across the Earth. And during a lunar eclipse, it is the Earth which casts a shadow covering the entire moon, which appears to change colors briefly.

Despite being the first to correctly discover the scientific explanation behind eclipses, he is not as widely known as the many later legends of the copernican revolution

Posted in Class | Tagged , , | Comments Off on Anaxagoras

Anaxagoras

Anaxagoras
The First to Correctly Explain Eclipses. Look at that flow!

Known most for bringing philosophy to Athens before the era of Socrates, Anaxagoras is recognized as the first person in history to correctly explain eclipses. He claimed that material variation was caused by relative preponderance over other ingredients, explaining how change could occur in the pre-Socratic era. Before him, there stands no record of anybody teaching that when a celestial body gets in between the earth and either the sun or the moon, an eclipse occurs.

Anaxagoras gave a complete account of the universe.  He believed that rotation within the cosmos could produce other worlds like the one in which we live. During a solar eclipse, the orbital paths of the earth and moon align such that the moon casts a large and moving shadow across the Earth. And during a lunar eclipse, it is the Earth which casts a shadow covering the entire moon, which appears to change colors briefly.

Despite being the first to correctly discover the scientific explanation behind eclipses, he is not as widely known as the many later legends of the copernican revolution

Posted in Class | Tagged , , , | Comments Off on Anaxagoras

Every Once in A “Purple” Moon

At the end of this month, on January 31st, we will be oh so lucky enough to witness several lunar events happening at the same time. The first, a full moon, is occurring as a result of the Earth being directly between the Sun and the moon. Full moons don’t usually occur often in a month, so when they do, our second event occurs and that is called a blue moon. This is where that phrase, “every once in a blue moon” comes from, because this doesn’t happen very often. Not only will it be a blue moon, but the moon will be up to 14 percent larger, and 30 percent brighter than usual because the full moon will coincide with the moon’s perigee, which is the point in the moon’s orbit where it is the closest to Earth. Lastly, but not least, is one of the rarest celestial events of all, there will also be a lunar eclipse occurring as well. A lunar eclipse can only happen when the sun, moon, and Earth are perfectly aligned; Earth’s shadow ultimately block’s the sun’s light and then bounces that light off the moon thus turning it a reddish color. According to NASA, this color also depends on the amount of dust and clouds in the atmosphere, effecting the light that gets reflected.

Personally, I cannot imagine in earlier time periods when people witnessed this event but didn’t know the cause. I would’ve thought fire was about to rain down, and the end of the world was about to come as we knew it, that dinosaurs were suddenly about to appear. But this is exactly the type of thoughts that come to people’s minds when they hear about events like this, instead of curiosity. People get scared, and articles about conspiracy theories begin to pop up online completely taking away the fascinating sparkle that these events have. “APOCALYPSE WARNING. BEWARE.” Yes, humans have a tendency to be overdramatic when it comes to things we know nothing about. This is nothing new though. There are theories that the moon is flat, that we didn’t actually land on the moon, that the moon is actually a projection. But those theories, are for a later discussion. I wonder, why do people fear what they don’t know, instead of just making a point to find out about it?

Posted in Class | Tagged , , , | Comments Off on Every Once in A “Purple” Moon

Some facts about the speed of light

The speed of light is 299,792,458 meters per second (186,282 miles per second), but this is not always the case. The speed of light, which is actually the highest speed that light can reach, has to be in a vacuum.  In other cases, light actually slows down as it passes through different media. For instance, when light passes through glass, it slows down to about two-thirds of its speed in a vacuum. Even in air, which is nearly a vacuum, light slows down slightly.

In the picture,  the laser shining through a glass of water demonstrates how many changes in speed it undergoes as it passes from air, to glass, to water, and back again.

 

Light-laser-speed_S
Picture from Universe Today

 

Posted in Class, Light, Physics | Tagged , | Comments Off on Some facts about the speed of light

Precession: How Will Life on Earth Differ With Summer in January?

Image by the Geography Department of Hunter College

Precession is often referred to as “orbital variation.” An easy demonstration of precession is a top spinning. As a top spins on a surface, it moves around in a circular or elliptical path. But while it moves, the direction of its tilt is also changing. The same is true for planets as they orbit stars. As the Earth revolves around the sun, the tilt is also slowly changing at a pace of one rotation every 26,000 years.

The tilt of the earth is what causes seasons. When the equator is tilted down and towards the sun, the northern hemisphere is in the summer season while the the southern in winter. This is at one point of the Earth’s orbit. But this tilt remains over the course of a year, meaning that when the Earth is at the opposite point of the one previously mentioned, the northern hemisphere is now in winter and southern hemisphere in summer.

Precession alters the Earth’s tilt. So, in 13,000 years from today, the Earth’s tilt will be in the opposite direction and Summer would then occur in the months that now represent winter.

When learning about this, my first thought was “why do we not talk about this more often? The seasons are constantly being swapped!” But I came to realize how much time 13,000 years is. The incredibly slow pace that precession occurs at (from human perspective) will make it so that nobody really pays much attention to it. The change occurs so slowly that future generations will not have any idea of what life was like when summer was in June.

Posted in Class, General, Observables | Tagged , , | Comments Off on Precession: How Will Life on Earth Differ With Summer in January?

Blog 1: Total Solar Eclipse 2017

usa_eclipse_map
Image by NASA Viz

This image was made by the NASA Visualization Explorer to show the path of totality of the 2017 solar eclipse. A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the sun and the earth. As the moon blocks the sun, it casts on a shadow on earth that travels west to east very quickly due to the combination of Earth’s rotation and the moon’s orbit. It becomes very dark in this shadow and the path that this shadow travels is called the path of totality because people observing from this path can witness a total eclipse. Unlike a lunar eclipse which can be observed from any location, the observable location of a solar eclipse is quite small.

Those of us in Nashville were lucky enough in 2017 to be in this path of totality. This phenomenon was spectacular to observe, not only because of the awe-inspiring visual but the strange influence it had. The Cosmic Perspective textbook makes mention of this influence but it is surreal to experience; birds returning to their nests and crickets chirping as they would at nighttime.

C6E51F82-4EE9-411E-95D9-1E277FB38F57
Photo taken by personal friend in Hendersonville, TN
Posted in Class, Moons | Tagged , , | Comments Off on Blog 1: Total Solar Eclipse 2017

Blog 1: Total Solar Eclipse 2017

usa_eclipse_map
Image by NASA Viz

This image was made by the NASA Visualization Explorer to show the path of totality of the 2017 solar eclipse. A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between the sun and the earth. As the moon blocks the sun, it casts on a shadow on earth that travels west to east very quickly due to the combination of Earth’s rotation and the moon’s orbit. It becomes very dark in this shadow and the path that this shadow travels is called the path of totality because people observing from this path can witness a total eclipse. Unlike a lunar eclipse which can be observed from any location, the observable location of a solar eclipse is quite small.

Those of us in Nashville were lucky enough in 2017 to be in this path of totality. This phenomenon was spectacular to observe, not only because of the awe-inspiring visual but the strange influence it had. The Cosmic Perspective textbook makes mention of this influence but it is surreal to experience; birds returning to their nests and crickets chirping as they would at nighttime.

C6E51F82-4EE9-411E-95D9-1E277FB38F57
Photo taken by personal friend in Hendersonville, TN
Posted in Class, Moons | Tagged , , | Comments Off on Blog 1: Total Solar Eclipse 2017

Super Blue Blood Moon Blue Snow Super Blood Blue

Or something like that.

Wow! On January 31st, 3 lunar events will coincide for the first time since March of 1866 resulting in the Moon appearing bigger, redder, and also bluer? This is what cool scientists call a “Super Blue Blood Moon.”

When the Moon is at its perigee, the closest point to Earth in its orbit, it appears 14% bigger in the sky, resulting in a “super moon.” Because the Moon is physically closer to the Earth, it also appears to be 16% brighter than the average moon (Unrelated: increase your size and brightness, and you too can be Superman). This is the closest the super moon will be since 1948, and the time it will be closer won’t be until 2034 (source).

The “blue” moniker is designated to the second full moon of the month. January’s first full moon in 2018 was on the 2nd, and it was also a super moon. Also, since January is greedy and stole a full moon from February, according to tradition, the full moon on the 31st is also called the “Snow” moon. Blue moons occur about once every 2.7 years.

Finally, the Super Blue Snow Moon will appear red because it is also a total lunar eclipse, which occur appx. every 2.5 years. The Moon, when in the perigee-syzygy of the Earth-Moon-Sun system, passes through the Earth’s shadow. Its shadow contains light from the Sun that is bent by Earth’s atmosphere that leaves a reddish tint on the Moon.
500px-geometry_of_a_lunar_eclipse-svgYou can catch the Super Snow Blue Blood Moon at 5:51 AM ET as it sets in the western sky. Everything about our existence is rare, but in the interest of staving off existential dread, let’s celebrate this event that we likely won’t see again in our lifetimes!

Posted in Observables | Tagged , , , | Comments Off on Super Blue Blood Moon Blue Snow Super Blood Blue

Eagles

Onward to the Super Bowl!  Fly Eagles Fly!

Eagles
From Twitter

Posted in Class | Tagged , , | Comments Off on Eagles